RUSSIA

 

All-Unity, Всеединство, vseyedinstvo (Russian). Thoughts about All-Unity, often discussed in proximity with the quest for harmony of faith and reason, are not simply philosophical protests against the ecclesiastical “egoism” of Protestants who are said to affirm a “multitude without unity,” but most often represent direct attempts to overcome the entire intellectual machine of Western metaphysics by Eastern Orthodox means (by T. Botz-Bornstein). More

 

Bakhtin, Mikhail [and Intercultural Philosophy]  (by Gerald Cipriani). More to come

 

Bakhtin, Mikhail: The Dialogic Imagination (1930) (by Gerald Citpriani). More to come

 

Borderlands (by Julia Sushytska) More to come

 

Carnivalesque (Bakhtin) (by Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover). More

 

Convergence see mestorazvitie.

 

Cosmism, космизм (Russian). A metaphysical and religious outlook, originated in the 19th century Russia, which presents a unique blend of futuristic speculations, materialistic science, religious mysticism and esoteric practices (by Andrei Zavaliy). More

 

Eurasianism emerged in 1921 and was based on the observations of a “dying West” and a “rising East” (by TBB). More

 

Filosofia. The difference between philosophy and filosofia is roughly analogous to the difference between a scholarly symposium and a Platonic symposium: the participants in the latter not only correctly discuss ideas but “totally” give themselves over to them, with all their body, soul and mind. (by Mikhail Epstein). More

 

Heteroglossia (according to Bakhtin) (by Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover). More

 

Hutsul Mythology (by Julia Sushytska ) More to come

 

Imyaslavie, имяславие. Literally: “glorification of the name” (alternatively: “worshipping the name"); also referred to as onomatodoxy. A philosophical/religious teaching of the beginning of 20th century - associated, among others, with Losev, Lossky, Bulgakov (by Andrei Zavaliy). More

 

Inakomislyashij, инакомыслящий (Russian) literally - the one who thinks differently, a non-conformist. Standard term for various dissidents in 20th century (by Andrei Zavaliy). More

 

Intelligentsia. The word “intelligentsia” itself, translated from the Latin, means “speculation [umozrenie]”, “the mind’s ability to generalize and systematize ideas” (by Mikhail Epstein). More

 

Khandra. Spleen, boredom, longing. Khandra is a specifically Russian ailment, a problem of ethnic patho-psychology (by Mikhail Epstein). More

 

Mamardashvili, Merab (by Julia Sushytska). More to come

 

Mestorazvitie, месторазвитие “space-development.” The geographer Petr N. Savitzky (1895-1968) introduces the term as a theoreti­cal notion through which socio-historical components can be seen as integral parts of geographical conditions.The individual, not unlike the personality, is supposed to appear as a “geographical individual” (by TBB). More

 

Mir, мир (Russian). Historically, ‘mir’ was one of the terms used to refer to an organized and self-sufficient peasant community (obschina, община) in Russia. (by Andrei Zavaliy). More

 

Narodnost’ (Russian) encompasses “spirit of the people,” “national character” and “folk wisdom” and is an important concept in Russian intellectual history (Two entries by Mikhail Epstein and S. Vladiv-Glover). More

 

Neprotivlenie, непротивление. In Russian cultural tradition this moral category is primarily associated with Leo Tolstoy’s (1828-1910) philosophical and religious writings at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, and the subsequent movement of the Tolstoyans. (by Andrei Zavaliy). More

Nihilism, nigilism, нигилизм (Russian) is a very important concept in 19th century intellectual life, cf. Turgenev's Fathers and Sons (by Andrei Zavaliy). More

 

Nostalgia (by Julia Sushytska). More to come

 

Nothingness [Merab Mamardashvili] (Russian) (by Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover). More to come

 

Ochevidnost', очевидность. Literally: “obviousness”, “something observed with one’s own eyes”, “insight”. One of the central epistemological categories in the religious philosophy of Ivan Ilyin (1883-1954), a major 20th century Russian thinker (by Andrei Zavaliy). More

 

Pan-Slavism represents a mixture of nationalist and supra-nationalist elements developed by non-Russian Slavs who felt the need for cooperation. It had no link whatsoever with Great Russian aspirations (by TBB). More

 

Passionarnost’, пассионарность. A central concept in the historical, ethnological and anthropological studies of Lev N. Gumilev (1912-1992), a polymath Russian thinker and a major historian of the 20th century (by Andrei Zavaliy). More

 

Polyphony (Bakhtin) (by Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover). More

 

Samobytnost', самобытность. Literally: “self-being”; the term also connotes the ideas of self-sufficiency, independence, authenticity and singularity (by Andrei Zavaliy). More

 

Slavyanofilstvo, славянофильство, Slavophilism. Also referred to as slavofilia (from Greek “love of Slavs”) (by Andrei Zavaliy and TBB). More

 

Sobornost’ (Russian). The untranslatable term can be rendered into English as “conciliarity” supposed to balance the relationship between authority and freedom (by TBB). More

 

Space [Russian concepts of] see mestorazvitie, obshestvennost.

 

Svoboda, свобода. Literally: "Freedom." See volya.

 

Svoevolie, своеволие. Literally: “showing or imposing one’s own will”, “obstinacy” (by Andrei  Zavaliy). More

 

Volya, воля. Literally: "freedom," "liberty" (by Andrei Zavaliy). More

 

Vseyedinstvo see All-Unity

 

Zapadnichestvo, западничество (Russian) 'westerners', 19th century distinctions in Russian culture (by Andrei Zavaliy). More

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SOUTH AMERICA

 

Andrade, Oswald de (Brazilian author, 1890–1954) see Anthropophagy   ALAFI 

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Anthropophagy is the motto of a cultural movement articulated in the end of the 1920’s in Brazil (by Luis Garcia) English and Portuguese

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Borges, Jorge Luis (1899–1986) and the “Borges Paradox” (by Richard McDonough) More

 

Buen vivir (good life) in South American thought, in particular as occurent in the thought of the Kichwa, Aymaras, and Guarani people, is a authentic way of life involved by ecological orientation (by Thiago Ledo) English and Portuguese   ALAFI 

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SOUTH ASIA

 

Mercado, Leonardo N. (Filipino philosopher) Mercado gained his prominence as pioneer of Filipino philosophy when he published his book in 1974, entitled Elements of Filipino Philosophy (by Edgardo B. Garnace). More

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TURKEY

 

Reformthinking. (by Gerrit Steunebrink). More to come

 

 

 

GENERAL

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Authentic. The difference between authentic and genuine (by Thorsten Botz-Bornstein) More

 

Analytic and Continental Philosophy. The difference between continental and analytic philosophy can appear obvious when looking from afar. It is popular to link analytic philosophy to logic and continental philosophy to models of reasoning that are incompatible with logic, which is inaccurate. (by Thorsten Botz-Bornstein) More

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Comparative Philosophy. Together with the more recent Intercultural Philosophy, Comparative Philosophy is the only philosophical branch eager to undertake a critical evaluation of World Philosophy on a comparative basis (by TBB). More

 

Critical Regionalism. The term was introduced in 1981 by the architects Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivre in their article “The Grid and the Pathway” and in 1983 Kenneth Frampton authored an article on the same subject (by TBB). More

 

Cross-cultural. A term initially used in the social sciences to refer to comparative studies of cultural differences and similarities. The usage of the term has broadened to mean any study or practice involving different cultural approaches. Strictly speaking, what is cross-cultural should designate what is at the crossroad of different cultures. Useful link: Cross-Cultural Research (by Gerald Cipriani).

 

Cultural. What relates to culture in the sense of a particular manifestation of human achievement in the arts, languages, forms of expression (whether secular or religious), and customs of all kinds Useful link: UNESCO. (By Gerald Cipriani). See also intercultural; cross-cultural; multicultural; transcultural; subcultural; pre-cultural; post-cultural.

 

Culturality [culturalité] ( by Claude-Raphaël Samama). More (in French)

 

Dialogue. A particular mode of relationship between human beings or between human beings and their place, which can be their natural environment, history, tradition, culture, the present world, or other communities (by Gerald Cipriani). More

 

Dialetical (by Gerald Cipriani) More to come

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Emergentism is usually traced in the West to the 19th century British philosophers, Bain, Lewes and Mill, and is traditionally understood as an alternative to reductionism (by Richard McDonough). More

 

Emptiness (general Asian) see Śūnyatā.

 

Human Rights (by Gerrit Steunebrink). More to come

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Management, Philosophy of. Management itself can be seen as a philosophy in action. If one is to live, one is to act. If one is to act, one is to choose. Although no criterion exists to decide which is superior, to paraphrase Kurt Lewin, 'there is nothing as practical as a good philosophy' (by Jean-Etienne Joullié). More

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Mesologics is the study of milieux (of ambient worlds). The term is derived from the Greek meson (middle, centre, half, medium) (by Augustin Berque). More

 

Multicultural (by Gerald Cipriani). A community that is multicultural is culturally diverse. Cultural multiplicity does not necessarily involve interactions or crossovers between the various cultures that constitute the community in question.

 

Naturalism (from an intercultural perspective). Naturalism refers to our stance about how to construct knowledge about nature (by Frederik Moreira dos Santos). More    ALAFI 

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Organic (by TBB). Historically, the scope of philosophical reflections on the organic has been broad because the organic addresses universal and individual ways of interpreting the world order and of how people should live within that world order. The organic concerns ethics, aesthetics, and religion. More

 

Polyphony (Bakhtin). More to come

 

Post-cultural (by Gerald Cipriani). More to come

 

Pre-cultural. Beside the field of biology, the term can be used either to denote activities that took place chronologically before cultures became identifiable in the history of humanity, or else to denote any human activities that are not yet culturally recognizable (by Gerald Cipriani). More

 

Subcultural. Subcultural practices, values, and perceptions are defined with regard to what is considered to be mainstream culture. A subcultural group is very often thought to be below, borderline, abnormal, or eccentric by the dominant culture (by Gerald Cipriani).

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Thought There is “French thought” and there is “French philosophy.” What is the difference? Why is there no “English thought?” (by T. Botz-Bornstein) More

Transcultural.  A term used to denote practices, values, and perceptions that go across or beyond established cultural boundaries and identities. A transcultural vision may seek common grounds between cultural particularities and differences. Transculturalism is more than the arbitrary combination of several cultures but it can be defined as "seeing oneself in the other" (by Thorsten Botz-Bornstein). More

 

World Philosophy. Many of us know the names of the classics of some faraway countries and some of us have even read them (by TBB). More